Going solar could help the poor in Senegal

Investing in solar energy could bring electricity to millions of Senegalese, significantly reduce electricity bills in the long term, and attract millions of dollars in development funding under the UN-brokered Clean Development Mechanism, says the UN, but only if investors step in. Spiralling fuel costs, with oil prices at $ 90 a barrel increase the urgency to go solar.
"If you reduce these [fuel] oil import costs," said Nick Nuttall, spokesperson for the UN Environment Programme in Nairobi, "it will do a tremendous amount to save money for government investment in schools, hospitals and other development activities to help the poor."

Just one in four Senegalese has access to mains electricity, according to the UN, and the national electricity company, Senelec, struggles to meet even this demand. Faced with a five-fold increase in its fuel bill between 2005 and 2008, Louis Seck, head of Senegal's Renewable Energy Department, said Senegal not only wants to, but must now invest in renewables.
"Research suggests that by tapping into just a small section of the solar energy resources of the Sahara desert, you could theoretically produce enough energy to fuel the entire planet," said UNEP's Nuttall.

Senegal, like many of its Sahelian neighbours, gets 3,000 hours of sunshine a year at an intensity of 5.8 Watt hours per sq metre (Wh/m2) per day. Solar power stations can be set up on uncultivable land, making Senegal "an ideal location for solar energy development", said Nuttall.
Giant solar power plants, using mirrors to concentrate sunlight, have been set up in Spain, Portugal, Australia, the USA, and one is currently being built in Western Sahara -- Africa's first large-scale factory.

Benefits
For Nuttall, going solar may be an easier way to provide electricity to rural communities than getting them on the grid, "which can take years". Just one in six rural Senegalese currently has access to mains electricity.
Abdoulaye Fall, head of environmental quality and safety at the National Confederation of Employers in Senegal (CNES), said solar power could save money in the long term. While it currently costs about $ 18.40 to produce 1 kWh of electricity using diesel, according to Seck, energy created at giant solar power plants could cost as little as half of this.

Furthermore, investing in solar energy and other renewables like hydro-electric and wind power creates more jobs than investing in oil and gas, according to a UN and International Labour Organization study.
There are environmental and health benefits to solar energy, according to German aid agency GTZ. On top of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions it would make rural Senegalese, almost all of whom use firewood or charcoal for cooking, less dependent on these "dirty fuels" which can lead to respiratory diseases, a cause of infant mortality.

Moreover, the carbon emissions market makes investing in solar power a draw for wider sustainable development projects. Senegal hosted Africa's first carbon forum in September 2008 hoping to attract investors seeking a higher greenhouse emission allowance than permitted by the Kyoto Protocol to fund renewable energy projects in Senegal as part of the Clean Development Mechanism.
At the end of the week-long forum, 25 projects had found funders.

Challenges
It is hard to combine disparate efforts to create economies of scale, lowering costs. At the moment, most of the solar projects under way in Senegal are small-scale and expensive, says Seck.
GTZ is working with the Senegalese Agency for Rural Electrification (ASER) to provide villages with photovoltaic panels, aiming to bring electricity to 60 % of the targeted populations within three years.

Private investors are funding a wind power project in northern Senegal, a biomass project to produce energy from the typha plant, and a programme to create hydro-electric power (HEP) on the River Senegal, according to Senegalese energy official Seck. But only one renewable energy scheme of any size exists in Senegal -- an HEP station at the Manantali dam on the River Senegal, which has been supplying power to Senegal, Mali and Mauritania since 2002.
To set up more schemes of this size the government needs more cash. It has not been easy to attract private investors at anywhere near a large enough scale, according to the CNES's Fall, because Senegal is still seen to be a risky place to invest, and the government provides little to no information for investors on risks and opportunities, he said.

GTZ coordinator Mansour Assani Dahouenon agreed.
"The challenges for investors in renewable energies are the lack of a regulatory framework, and of incentives to investors," he said.
Investing directly in Senelec's renewable schemes is an "unattractive" prospect, according to Seck, because of its large debt burdens, its poor equipment and outdated infrastructure, and heavy government involvement. And even if the money is found, it is still difficult and expensive to store and transport solar energy, says Nuttall, and few researchers have yet found effective ways of overcoming this.

Progress
GTZ is stepping in to try to help the government draw up legislation on how to feed electricity from renewable energy projects directly into the national grid. Legislators from across West Africa came together in Ghana in late September 2008 to urge regional leaders to form a West African Renewable Energy Community to promote renewable energy projects. They also agreed to push leaders across the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to pass stronger laws to protect investors in renewable energy schemes.
Fall suggests in the meantime the Senegalese government should form a public-private partnership agency to regulate the renewable energies market, and should agree to back up big financing projects to reassure investors. Only then, he says, will solar power be affordable on a mass scale.

Nuttall recognised a solar-powered West Africa was still a long way off, but, he said, its renewables' market can only expand. In 2007, $ 150 bn were invested in renewable energy worldwide, a 60 % increase over the previous year, he told.
"Renewable energy is happening now in West Africa... there are a lot of challenges, but the fact is, that the sector is just taking off."