Pentagon's role in the global climate

by Sara Flounders

In evaluating the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen -- with more than 15,000 participants from 192 countries, including more than 100 heads of state, as well as 100,000 demonstrators in the streets -- it is important to ask: How is it possible that the worst polluter of carbon dioxide and other toxic emissions on the planet is not a focus of any conference discussion or proposed restrictions?
By every measure, the Pentagon is the largest institutional user of petroleum products and energy in general. Yet the Pentagon has a blanket exemption in all international climate agreements.

The Pentagon wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; its secret operations in Pakistan; its equipment on more than 1,000 US bases around the world; its 6,000 facilities in the US; all NATO operations; its aircraft carriers, jet aircraft, weapons testing, training and sales will not be counted against US greenhouse gas limits or included in any count.
The Feb. 17, 2007, Energy Bulletin detailed the oil consumption just for the Pentagon's aircraft, ships, ground vehicles and facilities that made it the single-largest oil consumer in the world. At the time, the US Navy had 285 combat and support ships and around 4,000 operational aircraft. The US Army had 28,000 armoured vehicles, 140,000 High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles, more than 4,000 combat helicopters, several hundred fixed-wing aircraft and 187,493 fleet vehicles. Except for 80 nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers, which spread radioactive pollution, all their other vehicles run on oil.

Even according to rankings in the 2006 CIA World Factbook, only 35 countries (out of 210 in the world) consume more oil per day than the Pentagon.
The US military officially uses 320,000 barrels of oil a day. However, this total does not include fuel consumed by contractors or fuel consumed in leased and privatized facilities. Nor does it include the enormous energy and resources used to produce and maintain their death-dealing equipment or the bombs, grenades or missiles they fire.

Steve Kretzmann, director of Oil Change International, reports: "The Iraq war was responsible for at least 141 mm tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (mm tons CO2e) from March 2003 through December 2007. ...The war emits more than 60 % of all countries. ...This information is not readily available ...because military emissions abroad are exempt from national reporting requirements under US law and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change." (www.naomiklein.org, Dec. 10)
Most scientists blame carbon dioxide emissions for greenhouse gases and climate change.

Bryan Farrell in his new book, "The Green Zone: The Environmental Costs of Militarism", says that "the greatest single assault on the environment, on all of us around the globe, comes from one agency... the Armed Forces of the United States."
Just how did the Pentagon come to be exempt from climate agreements? At the time of the Kyoto Accords negotiations, the US demanded as a provisionof signing that all of its military operations worldwide and all operations it participates in with the UN and/or NATO be completely exempted from measurement or reductions. After securing this gigantic concession, the Bush administration then refused to sign the accords.

In a May 18, 1998, an article entitled "National security and military policy issues involved in the Kyoto treaty," Dr Jeffrey Salmon described the Pentagon's position. He quotes then-Secretary of Defence William Cohen's 1997 annual report to Congress: "DoD strongly recommends that the United States insist on a national security provision in the climate change Protocol now being negotiated." (www.marshall.org)
According to Salmon, this national security provision was put forth in a draft calling for "complete military exemption from greenhouse gas emissions limits. The draft includes multilateral operations such as NATO- and UN-sanctioned activities, but it also includes actions related very broadly to national security, which would appear to comprehend all forms of unilateral military actions and training for such actions."

Salmon also quoted Undersecretary of State Stuart Eizenstat, who headed the US delegation in Kyoto. Eizenstat reported that "every requirement the Defence Department and uniformed military who were at Kyoto by my side said they wanted, they got. This is self-defence, peacekeeping, humanitarian relief."
Although the US had already received these assurances in the negotiations, the US Congress passed an explicit provision guaranteeing US military exemption.

Inter Press Service reported on May 21, 1998: "US law makers, in the latest blow to international efforts to halt global warming, today exempted US military operations from the Kyoto agreement which lays out binding commitments to reduce 'greenhouse gas' emissions. The House of Representatives passed an amendment to next year's military authorization bill that 'prohibits the restriction of armed forces under the Kyoto Protocol.'"
In Copenhagen the sameagreements and guidelines on greenhouse gases still hold. Yet it is extremely difficult to find even a mention of this glaring omission.

According to environmental journalist Johanna Peace, military activities will continue to be exempt from an executive order signed by President Barack Obama that calls for federal agencies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Peace states, "The military accounts for a full 80 % of the federal government's energy demand." (solveclimate.com, Sept. 1)
The blanket exclusion of the Pentagon's global operations makes US carbon dioxide emissions appear far less than they in fact are. Yet even without counting the Pentagon, the US still has the world's largest carbon dioxide emissions.

More than emissions
Besides emitting carbon dioxide, US military operations release other highly toxic and radioactive materials into the air, water and soil. US weapons made with depleted uranium have spread tens of thousands of pounds of microparticles of radioactive and highly toxic waste throughout the Middle East, Central Asia and the Balkans.
The US sells land mines and cluster bombs that are a major cause of delayed explosives, maiming and disabling especially peasant farmers and rural peoples in Africa, Asia and Latin America. For example, Israel dropped more than 1 mm US-provided cluster bombs on Lebanon during its 2006 invasion.

The US war in Vietnam left large areas so contaminated with the Agent Orange herbicide that today, more than 35 years later, dioxin contamination is 300 to 400 times higher than "safe" levels. Severe birth defects and high rates of cancer resulting from environmental contamination are continuing into a third generation.
The 1991 US war in Iraq, followed by 13 years of starvation sanctions, the 2003 US invasion and continuing occupation, has transformed the region -- which has a 5,000-year history as a Middle East breadbasket -- into an environmental catastrophe. Iraq's arable and fertile land has become a desert wasteland where the slightest wind whips up a dust storm. A former food exporter, Iraq now imports 80 % of its food. The Iraqi Agriculture Ministry estimates that 90 % of the land has severe desertification.

Environmental war at home
Moreover, the Defence Department has routinely resisted orders from the Environmental Protection Agency to clean up contaminated US bases. (Washington Post, June 30, 2008) Pentagon military bases top the Superfund list of the most polluted places, as contaminants seep into drinking water aquifers and soil.
The Pentagon has also fought EPA efforts to set new pollution standards on two toxic chemicals widely found on military sites: perchlorate, found in propellant for rockets and missiles; and trichloroethylene, a degreaser for metal parts.

Trichloroethylene is the most widespread water contaminant in the country, seeping into aquifers across California, New York, Texas, Florida and elsewhere. More than 1,000 military sites in the US are contaminated with the chemical. The poorest communities, especially communities of colour, are the most severely impacted by this poisoning.
US testing of nuclear weapons in the US Southwest and on South Pacific islands have contaminated millions of areas of land and water with radiation. Mountains of radioactive and toxic uranium tailings have been left on Indigenous land in the Southwest. More than 1,000 uranium mines have been abandoned on Navajo reservations in Arizona and New Mexico.

Around the world, on past and still operating bases in Puerto Rico, the Philippines, South Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Japan, Nicaragua, Panama and the former Yugoslavia, rusting barrels of chemicals and solvents and millions of rounds of ammunition are criminally abandoned by the Pentagon.
The best way to dramatically clean up the environment is to shut down the Pentagon. What is needed to combat climate change is a thoroughgoing system change.

Sara Flounders is Co-Director of the International Action Centre.